Stibnite (Sb2S3), a sulfide mineral recognized for its metallic, needle-like appearance, is gaining attention as a critical component in the global supply of antimony. This mineral, historically linked to various uses from cosmetics to medicinal practices, is now increasingly vital in industries such as defence, renewable energy, and digital technology. With demand rising and geopolitical tensions affecting supply chains, Australia is emerging as a key player in securing antimony sources.
Historically, antimony has found its way into products like flame retardants, semiconductors, and military-grade alloys. Currently, China, together with Russia and Tajikistan, dominates the global antimony market, accounting for approximately 90 percent of production. As Western nations grapple with supply vulnerabilities, highlighted by recent export restrictions, there is an urgent push to find alternative sources.
Australia boasts the world’s fourth-largest antimony reserves and is uniquely positioned to become a reliable supplier. Its stable political environment, rich geological features, and active exploration sector make it an attractive option for meeting rising global demand. Dr. Paul Breuer, a mineral processing specialist, emphasizes the potential of Australia’s stibnite deposits: “Antimony is on the critical mineral list for Australia, the United States, European Union, Japan, and Canada, igniting industry interest in Australia’s stibnite reserves.”
Australia’s Rich Reserves and Emerging Projects
High-grade stibnite deposits located in regions such as Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia are attracting attention as the world seeks secure sources of this critical mineral. Currently, the Costerfield Mine is the only operation producing an antimony-gold concentrate, which is shipped overseas for processing. Other significant projects include Hillgrove, which is slated to recommence operations in 2026, and Sunday Creek, both of which are noted for their high antimony concentrations.
Dr. Breuer points out that antimony in stibnite is often found in association with gold, making extraction processes more economically viable. “Antimony in stibnite is mainly found in association with gold, but is also found associated with some base metal ores,” he explains. Additionally, antimony can be produced as a byproduct from smelters treating base metal ores, such as those operated by Nystar’s Port Pirie smelter, which is developing processes to enhance the value of its antimony byproduct.
The current practice involves producing stibnite-gold concentrates for export to countries with established smelting capabilities. However, there is growing interest in developing onshore processing routes in Australia to recover both antimony and gold. “We have a lot of expertise and knowledge in sustainable processing of sulfide minerals and gold ores,” says Dr. Breuer, suggesting that an economic and environmentally friendly processing method could be developed for the Australian industry.
Antimony’s Future in a Changing World
As the global landscape shifts towards clean energy and increased digital infrastructure, the importance of antimony is expected to rise. Australia stands at the forefront of this transition, supported by a stable government, advanced mining and processing capabilities, and rich stibnite reserves. This positions the country to potentially lead the world in antimony production.
Dr. Gabrielle Kuiper notes that the increasing focus on sustainable practices in mining and processing will further enhance Australia’s appeal as a supplier. As tensions in existing supply chains escalate, the urgency for countries to secure reliable sources of critical minerals like antimony cannot be overstated.
In conclusion, Australia’s rich stibnite deposits and commitment to developing sustainable practices in mineral processing may pave the way for a new era in antimony production, addressing both local and global demands while ensuring economic stability and environmental responsibility.
